1<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"> 2<html> 3<!-- This file documents the GNU Assembler "as". 4 5Copyright (C) 1991-2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 6 7Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document 8under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 9or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; 10with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no 11Back-Cover Texts. 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It 95complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft 96license designed for free software. 97</p> 98<p>We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free 99software, because free software needs free documentation: a free 100program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the 101software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; 102it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or 103whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License 104principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference. 105</p> 106</li><li> APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS 107 108<p>This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that 109contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be 110distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a 111world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that 112work under the conditions stated herein. The “Document”, below, 113refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a 114licensee, and is addressed as “you”. You accept the license if you 115copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission 116under copyright law. 117</p> 118<p>A “Modified Version” of the Document means any work containing the 119Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with 120modifications and/or translated into another language. 121</p> 122<p>A “Secondary Section” is a named appendix or a front-matter section 123of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the 124publishers or authors of the Document to the Document’s overall 125subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall 126directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in 127part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain 128any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical 129connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal, 130commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding 131them. 132</p> 133<p>The “Invariant Sections” are certain Secondary Sections whose titles 134are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice 135that says that the Document is released under this License. If a 136section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not 137allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero 138Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant 139Sections then there are none. 140</p> 141<p>The “Cover Texts” are certain short passages of text that are listed, 142as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that 143the Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may 144be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words. 145</p> 146<p>A “Transparent” copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, 147represented in a format whose specification is available to the 148general public, that is suitable for revising the document 149straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of 150pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available 151drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or 152for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input 153to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file 154format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart 155or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. 156An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount 157of text. A copy that is not “Transparent” is called “Opaque”. 158</p> 159<p>Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain 160<small>ASCII</small> without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input 161format, <acronym>SGML</acronym> or <acronym>XML</acronym> using a publicly available 162<acronym>DTD</acronym>, and standard-conforming simple <acronym>HTML</acronym>, 163PostScript or <acronym>PDF</acronym> designed for human modification. Examples 164of transparent image formats include <acronym>PNG</acronym>, <acronym>XCF</acronym> and 165<acronym>JPG</acronym>. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be 166read and edited only by proprietary word processors, <acronym>SGML</acronym> or 167<acronym>XML</acronym> for which the <acronym>DTD</acronym> and/or processing tools are 168not generally available, and the machine-generated <acronym>HTML</acronym>, 169PostScript or <acronym>PDF</acronym> produced by some word processors for 170output purposes only. 171</p> 172<p>The “Title Page” means, for a printed book, the title page itself, 173plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material 174this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in 175formats which do not have any title page as such, “Title Page” means 176the text near the most prominent appearance of the work’s title, 177preceding the beginning of the body of the text. 178</p> 179<p>The “publisher” means any person or entity that distributes copies 180of the Document to the public. 181</p> 182<p>A section “Entitled XYZ” means a named subunit of the Document whose 183title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following 184text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a 185specific section name mentioned below, such as “Acknowledgements”, 186“Dedications”, “Endorsements”, or “History”.) To “Preserve the Title” 187of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a 188section “Entitled XYZ” according to this definition. 189</p> 190<p>The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which 191states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty 192Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this 193License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other 194implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has 195no effect on the meaning of this License. 196</p> 197</li><li> VERBATIM COPYING 198 199<p>You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either 200commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the 201copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies 202to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other 203conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use 204technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further 205copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept 206compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough 207number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3. 208</p> 209<p>You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and 210you may publicly display copies. 211</p> 212</li><li> COPYING IN QUANTITY 213 214<p>If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have 215printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the 216Document’s license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the 217copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover 218Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on 219the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify 220you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present 221the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and 222visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition. 223Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve 224the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated 225as verbatim copying in other respects. 226</p> 227<p>If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit 228legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit 229reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent 230pages. 231</p> 232<p>If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering 233more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent 234copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy 235a computer-network location from which the general network-using 236public has access to download using public-standard network protocols 237a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material. 238If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, 239when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure 240that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated 241location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an 242Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that 243edition to the public. 244</p> 245<p>It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the 246Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give 247them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document. 248</p> 249</li><li> MODIFICATIONS 250 251<p>You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under 252the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release 253the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified 254Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution 255and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy 256of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version: 257</p> 258<ol> 259<li> Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct 260from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions 261(which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section 262of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version 263if the original publisher of that version gives permission. 264 265</li><li> List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities 266responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified 267Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the 268Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five), 269unless they release you from this requirement. 270 271</li><li> State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the 272Modified Version, as the publisher. 273 274</li><li> Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document. 275 276</li><li> Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications 277adjacent to the other copyright notices. 278 279</li><li> Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice 280giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the 281terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below. 282 283</li><li> Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections 284and required Cover Texts given in the Document’s license notice. 285 286</li><li> Include an unaltered copy of this License. 287 288</li><li> Preserve the section Entitled “History”, Preserve its Title, and add 289to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and 290publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If 291there is no section Entitled “History” in the Document, create one 292stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as 293given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified 294Version as stated in the previous sentence. 295 296</li><li> Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for 297public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise 298the network locations given in the Document for previous versions 299it was based on. These may be placed in the “History” section. 300You may omit a network location for a work that was published at 301least four years before the Document itself, or if the original 302publisher of the version it refers to gives permission. 303 304</li><li> For any section Entitled “Acknowledgements” or “Dedications”, Preserve 305the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the 306substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or 307dedications given therein. 308 309</li><li> Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, 310unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers 311or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles. 312 313</li><li> Delete any section Entitled “Endorsements”. Such a section 314may not be included in the Modified Version. 315 316</li><li> Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled “Endorsements” or 317to conflict in title with any Invariant Section. 318 319</li><li> Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers. 320</li></ol> 321 322<p>If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or 323appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material 324copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all 325of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the 326list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version’s license notice. 327These titles must be distinct from any other section titles. 328</p> 329<p>You may add a section Entitled “Endorsements”, provided it contains 330nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various 331parties—for example, statements of peer review or that the text has 332been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a 333standard. 334</p> 335<p>You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a 336passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list 337of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of 338Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or 339through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already 340includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or 341by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, 342you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit 343permission from the previous publisher that added the old one. 344</p> 345<p>The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License 346give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or 347imply endorsement of any Modified Version. 348</p> 349</li><li> COMBINING DOCUMENTS 350 351<p>You may combine the Document with other documents released under this 352License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified 353versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the 354Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and 355list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its 356license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers. 357</p> 358<p>The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and 359multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single 360copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but 361different contents, make the title of each such section unique by 362adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original 363author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. 364Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of 365Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work. 366</p> 367<p>In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled “History” 368in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled 369“History”; likewise combine any sections Entitled “Acknowledgements”, 370and any sections Entitled “Dedications”. You must delete all 371sections Entitled “Endorsements.” 372</p> 373</li><li> COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS 374 375<p>You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents 376released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this 377License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in 378the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for 379verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects. 380</p> 381<p>You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute 382it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this 383License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all 384other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document. 385</p> 386</li><li> AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS 387 388<p>A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate 389and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or 390distribution medium, is called an “aggregate” if the copyright 391resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights 392of the compilation’s users beyond what the individual works permit. 393When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not 394apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves 395derivative works of the Document. 396</p> 397<p>If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these 398copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of 399the entire aggregate, the Document’s Cover Texts may be placed on 400covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the 401electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form. 402Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole 403aggregate. 404</p> 405</li><li> TRANSLATION 406 407<p>Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may 408distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. 409Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special 410permission from their copyright holders, but you may include 411translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the 412original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a 413translation of this License, and all the license notices in the 414Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include 415the original English version of this License and the original versions 416of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between 417the translation and the original version of this License or a notice 418or disclaimer, the original version will prevail. 419</p> 420<p>If a section in the Document is Entitled “Acknowledgements”, 421“Dedications”, or “History”, the requirement (section 4) to Preserve 422its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual 423title. 424</p> 425</li><li> TERMINATION 426 427<p>You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document 428except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt 429otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, and 430will automatically terminate your rights under this License. 431</p> 432<p>However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license 433from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally, 434unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally 435terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder 436fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to 43760 days after the cessation. 438</p> 439<p>Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is 440reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the 441violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have 442received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that 443copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after 444your receipt of the notice. 445</p> 446<p>Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the 447licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under 448this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently 449reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the same material does 450not give you any rights to use it. 451</p> 452</li><li> FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE 453 454<p>The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions 455of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new 456versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may 457differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See 458<a href="http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/">http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/</a>. 459</p> 460<p>Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. 461If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this 462License “or any later version” applies to it, you have the option of 463following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or 464of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the 465Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version 466number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not 467as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document 468specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of this 469License can be used, that proxy’s public statement of acceptance of a 470version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the 471Document. 472</p> 473</li><li> RELICENSING 474 475<p>“Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site” (or “MMC Site”) means any 476World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also 477provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A 478public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server. A 479“Massive Multiauthor Collaboration” (or “MMC”) contained in the 480site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC 481site. 482</p> 483<p>“CC-BY-SA” means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 484license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit 485corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco, 486California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license 487published by that same organization. 488</p> 489<p>“Incorporate” means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or 490in part, as part of another Document. 491</p> 492<p>An MMC is “eligible for relicensing” if it is licensed under this 493License, and if all works that were first published under this License 494somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole 495or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariant sections, 496and (2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008. 497</p> 498<p>The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site 499under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009, 500provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing. 501</p> 502</li></ol> 503 504<a name="ADDENDUM_003a-How-to-use-this-License-for-your-documents"></a> 505<h3 class="heading">ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents</h3> 506 507<p>To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of 508the License in the document and put the following copyright and 509license notices just after the title page: 510</p> 511<div class="smallexample"> 512<pre class="smallexample"> Copyright (C) <var>year</var> <var>your name</var>. 513 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document 514 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 515 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; 516 with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover 517 Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU 518 Free Documentation License''. 519</pre></div> 520 521<p>If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, 522replace the “with…Texts.” line with this: 523</p> 524<div class="smallexample"> 525<pre class="smallexample"> with the Invariant Sections being <var>list their titles</var>, with 526 the Front-Cover Texts being <var>list</var>, and with the Back-Cover Texts 527 being <var>list</var>. 528</pre></div> 529 530<p>If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other 531combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the 532situation. 533</p> 534<p>If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we 535recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of 536free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, 537to permit their use in free software. 538</p> 539 540 541<hr> 542<div class="header"> 543<p> 544Next: <a href="AS-Index.html#AS-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">AS Index</a>, Previous: <a href="Acknowledgements.html#Acknowledgements" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Acknowledgements</a>, Up: <a href="index.html#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="index.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="AS-Index.html#AS-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> 545</div> 546 547 548 549</body> 550</html> 551