1<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"> 2<html> 3<!-- Copyright (C) 1994-2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 4 5Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document 6under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or 7any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no 8Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no Back-Cover 9Texts. 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It 90complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft 91license designed for free software. 92</p> 93<p>We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free 94software, because free software needs free documentation: a free 95program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the 96software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; 97it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or 98whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License 99principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference. 100</p> 101</li><li> APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS 102 103<p>This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that 104contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be 105distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a 106world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that 107work under the conditions stated herein. The “Document”, below, 108refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a 109licensee, and is addressed as “you”. You accept the license if you 110copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission 111under copyright law. 112</p> 113<p>A “Modified Version” of the Document means any work containing the 114Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with 115modifications and/or translated into another language. 116</p> 117<p>A “Secondary Section” is a named appendix or a front-matter section 118of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the 119publishers or authors of the Document to the Document’s overall 120subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall 121directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in 122part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain 123any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical 124connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal, 125commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding 126them. 127</p> 128<p>The “Invariant Sections” are certain Secondary Sections whose titles 129are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice 130that says that the Document is released under this License. If a 131section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not 132allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero 133Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant 134Sections then there are none. 135</p> 136<p>The “Cover Texts” are certain short passages of text that are listed, 137as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that 138the Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may 139be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words. 140</p> 141<p>A “Transparent” copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, 142represented in a format whose specification is available to the 143general public, that is suitable for revising the document 144straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of 145pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available 146drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or 147for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input 148to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file 149format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart 150or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. 151An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount 152of text. A copy that is not “Transparent” is called “Opaque”. 153</p> 154<p>Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain 155<small>ASCII</small> without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input 156format, <acronym>SGML</acronym> or <acronym>XML</acronym> using a publicly available 157<acronym>DTD</acronym>, and standard-conforming simple <acronym>HTML</acronym>, 158PostScript or <acronym>PDF</acronym> designed for human modification. Examples 159of transparent image formats include <acronym>PNG</acronym>, <acronym>XCF</acronym> and 160<acronym>JPG</acronym>. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be 161read and edited only by proprietary word processors, <acronym>SGML</acronym> or 162<acronym>XML</acronym> for which the <acronym>DTD</acronym> and/or processing tools are 163not generally available, and the machine-generated <acronym>HTML</acronym>, 164PostScript or <acronym>PDF</acronym> produced by some word processors for 165output purposes only. 166</p> 167<p>The “Title Page” means, for a printed book, the title page itself, 168plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material 169this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in 170formats which do not have any title page as such, “Title Page” means 171the text near the most prominent appearance of the work’s title, 172preceding the beginning of the body of the text. 173</p> 174<p>The “publisher” means any person or entity that distributes copies 175of the Document to the public. 176</p> 177<p>A section “Entitled XYZ” means a named subunit of the Document whose 178title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following 179text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a 180specific section name mentioned below, such as “Acknowledgements”, 181“Dedications”, “Endorsements”, or “History”.) To “Preserve the Title” 182of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a 183section “Entitled XYZ” according to this definition. 184</p> 185<p>The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which 186states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty 187Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this 188License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other 189implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has 190no effect on the meaning of this License. 191</p> 192</li><li> VERBATIM COPYING 193 194<p>You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either 195commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the 196copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies 197to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other 198conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use 199technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further 200copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept 201compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough 202number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3. 203</p> 204<p>You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and 205you may publicly display copies. 206</p> 207</li><li> COPYING IN QUANTITY 208 209<p>If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have 210printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the 211Document’s license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the 212copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover 213Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on 214the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify 215you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present 216the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and 217visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition. 218Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve 219the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated 220as verbatim copying in other respects. 221</p> 222<p>If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit 223legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit 224reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent 225pages. 226</p> 227<p>If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering 228more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent 229copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy 230a computer-network location from which the general network-using 231public has access to download using public-standard network protocols 232a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material. 233If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, 234when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure 235that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated 236location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an 237Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that 238edition to the public. 239</p> 240<p>It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the 241Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give 242them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document. 243</p> 244</li><li> MODIFICATIONS 245 246<p>You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under 247the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release 248the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified 249Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution 250and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy 251of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version: 252</p> 253<ol> 254<li> Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct 255from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions 256(which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section 257of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version 258if the original publisher of that version gives permission. 259 260</li><li> List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities 261responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified 262Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the 263Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five), 264unless they release you from this requirement. 265 266</li><li> State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the 267Modified Version, as the publisher. 268 269</li><li> Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document. 270 271</li><li> Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications 272adjacent to the other copyright notices. 273 274</li><li> Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice 275giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the 276terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below. 277 278</li><li> Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections 279and required Cover Texts given in the Document’s license notice. 280 281</li><li> Include an unaltered copy of this License. 282 283</li><li> Preserve the section Entitled “History”, Preserve its Title, and add 284to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and 285publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If 286there is no section Entitled “History” in the Document, create one 287stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as 288given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified 289Version as stated in the previous sentence. 290 291</li><li> Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for 292public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise 293the network locations given in the Document for previous versions 294it was based on. These may be placed in the “History” section. 295You may omit a network location for a work that was published at 296least four years before the Document itself, or if the original 297publisher of the version it refers to gives permission. 298 299</li><li> For any section Entitled “Acknowledgements” or “Dedications”, Preserve 300the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the 301substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or 302dedications given therein. 303 304</li><li> Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, 305unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers 306or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles. 307 308</li><li> Delete any section Entitled “Endorsements”. Such a section 309may not be included in the Modified Version. 310 311</li><li> Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled “Endorsements” or 312to conflict in title with any Invariant Section. 313 314</li><li> Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers. 315</li></ol> 316 317<p>If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or 318appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material 319copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all 320of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the 321list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version’s license notice. 322These titles must be distinct from any other section titles. 323</p> 324<p>You may add a section Entitled “Endorsements”, provided it contains 325nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various 326parties—for example, statements of peer review or that the text has 327been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a 328standard. 329</p> 330<p>You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a 331passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list 332of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of 333Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or 334through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already 335includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or 336by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, 337you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit 338permission from the previous publisher that added the old one. 339</p> 340<p>The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License 341give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or 342imply endorsement of any Modified Version. 343</p> 344</li><li> COMBINING DOCUMENTS 345 346<p>You may combine the Document with other documents released under this 347License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified 348versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the 349Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and 350list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its 351license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers. 352</p> 353<p>The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and 354multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single 355copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but 356different contents, make the title of each such section unique by 357adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original 358author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. 359Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of 360Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work. 361</p> 362<p>In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled “History” 363in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled 364“History”; likewise combine any sections Entitled “Acknowledgements”, 365and any sections Entitled “Dedications”. You must delete all 366sections Entitled “Endorsements.” 367</p> 368</li><li> COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS 369 370<p>You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents 371released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this 372License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in 373the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for 374verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects. 375</p> 376<p>You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute 377it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this 378License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all 379other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document. 380</p> 381</li><li> AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS 382 383<p>A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate 384and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or 385distribution medium, is called an “aggregate” if the copyright 386resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights 387of the compilation’s users beyond what the individual works permit. 388When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not 389apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves 390derivative works of the Document. 391</p> 392<p>If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these 393copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of 394the entire aggregate, the Document’s Cover Texts may be placed on 395covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the 396electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form. 397Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole 398aggregate. 399</p> 400</li><li> TRANSLATION 401 402<p>Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may 403distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. 404Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special 405permission from their copyright holders, but you may include 406translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the 407original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a 408translation of this License, and all the license notices in the 409Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include 410the original English version of this License and the original versions 411of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between 412the translation and the original version of this License or a notice 413or disclaimer, the original version will prevail. 414</p> 415<p>If a section in the Document is Entitled “Acknowledgements”, 416“Dedications”, or “History”, the requirement (section 4) to Preserve 417its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual 418title. 419</p> 420</li><li> TERMINATION 421 422<p>You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document 423except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt 424otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, and 425will automatically terminate your rights under this License. 426</p> 427<p>However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license 428from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally, 429unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally 430terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder 431fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to 43260 days after the cessation. 433</p> 434<p>Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is 435reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the 436violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have 437received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that 438copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after 439your receipt of the notice. 440</p> 441<p>Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the 442licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under 443this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently 444reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the same material does 445not give you any rights to use it. 446</p> 447</li><li> FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE 448 449<p>The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions 450of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new 451versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may 452differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See 453<a href="http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/">http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/</a>. 454</p> 455<p>Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. 456If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this 457License “or any later version” applies to it, you have the option of 458following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or 459of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the 460Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version 461number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not 462as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document 463specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of this 464License can be used, that proxy’s public statement of acceptance of a 465version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the 466Document. 467</p> 468</li><li> RELICENSING 469 470<p>“Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site” (or “MMC Site”) means any 471World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also 472provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A 473public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server. A 474“Massive Multiauthor Collaboration” (or “MMC”) contained in the 475site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC 476site. 477</p> 478<p>“CC-BY-SA” means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 479license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit 480corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco, 481California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license 482published by that same organization. 483</p> 484<p>“Incorporate” means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or 485in part, as part of another Document. 486</p> 487<p>An MMC is “eligible for relicensing” if it is licensed under this 488License, and if all works that were first published under this License 489somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole 490or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariant sections, 491and (2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008. 492</p> 493<p>The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site 494under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009, 495provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing. 496</p> 497</li></ol> 498 499<a name="ADDENDUM_003a-How-to-use-this-License-for-your-documents"></a> 500<h3 class="heading">ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents</h3> 501 502<p>To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of 503the License in the document and put the following copyright and 504license notices just after the title page: 505</p> 506<div class="smallexample"> 507<pre class="smallexample"> Copyright (C) <var>year</var> <var>your name</var>. 508 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document 509 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 510 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; 511 with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover 512 Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU 513 Free Documentation License''. 514</pre></div> 515 516<p>If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, 517replace the “with…Texts.” line with this: 518</p> 519<div class="smallexample"> 520<pre class="smallexample"> with the Invariant Sections being <var>list their titles</var>, with 521 the Front-Cover Texts being <var>list</var>, and with the Back-Cover Texts 522 being <var>list</var>. 523</pre></div> 524 525<p>If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other 526combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the 527situation. 528</p> 529<p>If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we 530recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of 531free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, 532to permit their use in free software. 533</p> 534 535 536<hr> 537<div class="header"> 538<p> 539Previous: <a href="Multi_002dthreaded-Apps.html#Multi_002dthreaded-Apps" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Multi-threaded Apps</a>, Up: <a href="index.html#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="index.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</p> 540</div> 541 542 543 544</body> 545</html> 546