1<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"> 2<html> 3<!-- Copyright (C) 1988-2021 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 4 5Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document 6under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or 7any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the 8Invariant Sections being "Free Software" and "Free Software Needs 9Free Documentation", with the Front-Cover Texts being "A GNU Manual," 10and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. 11 12(a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: "You are free to copy and modify 13this GNU Manual. 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It 96complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft 97license designed for free software. 98</p> 99<p>We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free 100software, because free software needs free documentation: a free 101program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the 102software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; 103it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or 104whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License 105principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference. 106</p> 107</li><li> APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS 108 109<p>This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that 110contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be 111distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a 112world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that 113work under the conditions stated herein. The “Document”, below, 114refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a 115licensee, and is addressed as “you”. You accept the license if you 116copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission 117under copyright law. 118</p> 119<p>A “Modified Version” of the Document means any work containing the 120Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with 121modifications and/or translated into another language. 122</p> 123<p>A “Secondary Section” is a named appendix or a front-matter section 124of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the 125publishers or authors of the Document to the Document’s overall 126subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall 127directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in 128part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain 129any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical 130connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal, 131commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding 132them. 133</p> 134<p>The “Invariant Sections” are certain Secondary Sections whose titles 135are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice 136that says that the Document is released under this License. If a 137section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not 138allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero 139Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant 140Sections then there are none. 141</p> 142<p>The “Cover Texts” are certain short passages of text that are listed, 143as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that 144the Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may 145be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words. 146</p> 147<p>A “Transparent” copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, 148represented in a format whose specification is available to the 149general public, that is suitable for revising the document 150straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of 151pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available 152drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or 153for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input 154to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file 155format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart 156or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. 157An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount 158of text. A copy that is not “Transparent” is called “Opaque”. 159</p> 160<p>Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain 161<small>ASCII</small> without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input 162format, <acronym>SGML</acronym> or <acronym>XML</acronym> using a publicly available 163<acronym>DTD</acronym>, and standard-conforming simple <acronym>HTML</acronym>, 164PostScript or <acronym>PDF</acronym> designed for human modification. Examples 165of transparent image formats include <acronym>PNG</acronym>, <acronym>XCF</acronym> and 166<acronym>JPG</acronym>. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be 167read and edited only by proprietary word processors, <acronym>SGML</acronym> or 168<acronym>XML</acronym> for which the <acronym>DTD</acronym> and/or processing tools are 169not generally available, and the machine-generated <acronym>HTML</acronym>, 170PostScript or <acronym>PDF</acronym> produced by some word processors for 171output purposes only. 172</p> 173<p>The “Title Page” means, for a printed book, the title page itself, 174plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material 175this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in 176formats which do not have any title page as such, “Title Page” means 177the text near the most prominent appearance of the work’s title, 178preceding the beginning of the body of the text. 179</p> 180<p>The “publisher” means any person or entity that distributes copies 181of the Document to the public. 182</p> 183<p>A section “Entitled XYZ” means a named subunit of the Document whose 184title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following 185text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a 186specific section name mentioned below, such as “Acknowledgements”, 187“Dedications”, “Endorsements”, or “History”.) To “Preserve the Title” 188of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a 189section “Entitled XYZ” according to this definition. 190</p> 191<p>The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which 192states that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty 193Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this 194License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other 195implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has 196no effect on the meaning of this License. 197</p> 198</li><li> VERBATIM COPYING 199 200<p>You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either 201commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the 202copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies 203to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other 204conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use 205technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further 206copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept 207compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough 208number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3. 209</p> 210<p>You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and 211you may publicly display copies. 212</p> 213</li><li> COPYING IN QUANTITY 214 215<p>If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have 216printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the 217Document’s license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the 218copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover 219Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on 220the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify 221you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present 222the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and 223visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition. 224Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve 225the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated 226as verbatim copying in other respects. 227</p> 228<p>If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit 229legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit 230reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent 231pages. 232</p> 233<p>If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering 234more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent 235copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy 236a computer-network location from which the general network-using 237public has access to download using public-standard network protocols 238a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material. 239If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, 240when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure 241that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated 242location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an 243Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that 244edition to the public. 245</p> 246<p>It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the 247Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give 248them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document. 249</p> 250</li><li> MODIFICATIONS 251 252<p>You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under 253the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release 254the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified 255Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution 256and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy 257of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version: 258</p> 259<ol> 260<li> Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct 261from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions 262(which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section 263of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version 264if the original publisher of that version gives permission. 265 266</li><li> List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities 267responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified 268Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the 269Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five), 270unless they release you from this requirement. 271 272</li><li> State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the 273Modified Version, as the publisher. 274 275</li><li> Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document. 276 277</li><li> Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications 278adjacent to the other copyright notices. 279 280</li><li> Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice 281giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the 282terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below. 283 284</li><li> Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections 285and required Cover Texts given in the Document’s license notice. 286 287</li><li> Include an unaltered copy of this License. 288 289</li><li> Preserve the section Entitled “History”, Preserve its Title, and add 290to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and 291publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If 292there is no section Entitled “History” in the Document, create one 293stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as 294given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified 295Version as stated in the previous sentence. 296 297</li><li> Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for 298public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise 299the network locations given in the Document for previous versions 300it was based on. These may be placed in the “History” section. 301You may omit a network location for a work that was published at 302least four years before the Document itself, or if the original 303publisher of the version it refers to gives permission. 304 305</li><li> For any section Entitled “Acknowledgements” or “Dedications”, Preserve 306the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the 307substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or 308dedications given therein. 309 310</li><li> Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, 311unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers 312or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles. 313 314</li><li> Delete any section Entitled “Endorsements”. Such a section 315may not be included in the Modified Version. 316 317</li><li> Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled “Endorsements” or 318to conflict in title with any Invariant Section. 319 320</li><li> Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers. 321</li></ol> 322 323<p>If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or 324appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material 325copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all 326of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the 327list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version’s license notice. 328These titles must be distinct from any other section titles. 329</p> 330<p>You may add a section Entitled “Endorsements”, provided it contains 331nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various 332parties—for example, statements of peer review or that the text has 333been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a 334standard. 335</p> 336<p>You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a 337passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list 338of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of 339Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or 340through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already 341includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or 342by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, 343you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit 344permission from the previous publisher that added the old one. 345</p> 346<p>The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License 347give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or 348imply endorsement of any Modified Version. 349</p> 350</li><li> COMBINING DOCUMENTS 351 352<p>You may combine the Document with other documents released under this 353License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified 354versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the 355Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and 356list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its 357license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers. 358</p> 359<p>The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and 360multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single 361copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but 362different contents, make the title of each such section unique by 363adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original 364author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. 365Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of 366Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work. 367</p> 368<p>In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled “History” 369in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled 370“History”; likewise combine any sections Entitled “Acknowledgements”, 371and any sections Entitled “Dedications”. You must delete all 372sections Entitled “Endorsements.” 373</p> 374</li><li> COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS 375 376<p>You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents 377released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this 378License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in 379the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for 380verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects. 381</p> 382<p>You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute 383it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this 384License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all 385other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document. 386</p> 387</li><li> AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS 388 389<p>A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate 390and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or 391distribution medium, is called an “aggregate” if the copyright 392resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights 393of the compilation’s users beyond what the individual works permit. 394When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not 395apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves 396derivative works of the Document. 397</p> 398<p>If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these 399copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of 400the entire aggregate, the Document’s Cover Texts may be placed on 401covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the 402electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form. 403Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole 404aggregate. 405</p> 406</li><li> TRANSLATION 407 408<p>Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may 409distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. 410Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special 411permission from their copyright holders, but you may include 412translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the 413original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a 414translation of this License, and all the license notices in the 415Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include 416the original English version of this License and the original versions 417of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between 418the translation and the original version of this License or a notice 419or disclaimer, the original version will prevail. 420</p> 421<p>If a section in the Document is Entitled “Acknowledgements”, 422“Dedications”, or “History”, the requirement (section 4) to Preserve 423its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual 424title. 425</p> 426</li><li> TERMINATION 427 428<p>You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document 429except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt 430otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, and 431will automatically terminate your rights under this License. 432</p> 433<p>However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license 434from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally, 435unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally 436terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder 437fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to 43860 days after the cessation. 439</p> 440<p>Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is 441reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the 442violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have 443received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that 444copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after 445your receipt of the notice. 446</p> 447<p>Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the 448licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under 449this License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently 450reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the same material does 451not give you any rights to use it. 452</p> 453</li><li> FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE 454 455<p>The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions 456of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new 457versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may 458differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See 459<a href="http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/">http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/</a>. 460</p> 461<p>Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. 462If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this 463License “or any later version” applies to it, you have the option of 464following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or 465of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the 466Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version 467number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not 468as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document 469specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of this 470License can be used, that proxy’s public statement of acceptance of a 471version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the 472Document. 473</p> 474</li><li> RELICENSING 475 476<p>“Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site” (or “MMC Site”) means any 477World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also 478provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A 479public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server. A 480“Massive Multiauthor Collaboration” (or “MMC”) contained in the 481site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC 482site. 483</p> 484<p>“CC-BY-SA” means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 485license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit 486corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco, 487California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license 488published by that same organization. 489</p> 490<p>“Incorporate” means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or 491in part, as part of another Document. 492</p> 493<p>An MMC is “eligible for relicensing” if it is licensed under this 494License, and if all works that were first published under this License 495somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole 496or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariant sections, 497and (2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008. 498</p> 499<p>The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site 500under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009, 501provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing. 502</p> 503</li></ol> 504 505<a name="ADDENDUM_003a-How-to-use-this-License-for-your-documents"></a> 506<h3 class="heading">ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents</h3> 507 508<p>To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of 509the License in the document and put the following copyright and 510license notices just after the title page: 511</p> 512<div class="smallexample"> 513<pre class="smallexample"> Copyright (C) <var>year</var> <var>your name</var>. 514 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document 515 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 516 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; 517 with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover 518 Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU 519 Free Documentation License''. 520</pre></div> 521 522<p>If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, 523replace the “with…Texts.” line with this: 524</p> 525<div class="smallexample"> 526<pre class="smallexample"> with the Invariant Sections being <var>list their titles</var>, with 527 the Front-Cover Texts being <var>list</var>, and with the Back-Cover Texts 528 being <var>list</var>. 529</pre></div> 530 531<p>If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other 532combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the 533situation. 534</p> 535<p>If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we 536recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of 537free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, 538to permit their use in free software. 539</p> 540 541<hr> 542<div class="header"> 543<p> 544Next: <a href="Concept-Index.html#Concept-Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Concept Index</a>, Previous: <a href="Copying.html#Copying" accesskey="p" rel="previous">Copying</a>, Up: <a href="index.html#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> [<a href="index.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="Concept-Index.html#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> 545</div> 546 547 548 549</body> 550</html> 551